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1.
J Dent Res ; 100(3): 293-301, 2021 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33034243

RESUMO

Autosomal dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (ADHCAI; OMIM #130900) is a genetic disorder exhibiting severe hardness defects and reduced fracture toughness of dental enamel. While the condition is nonsyndromic, it can be associated with other craniofacial anomalies, such as malocclusions and delayed or failed tooth eruption. Truncation mutations in FAM83H (OMIM *611927) are hitherto the sole cause of ADHCAI. With human genetic studies, Fam83h knockout and mutation-knock-in mouse models indicated that FAM83H does not serve a critical physiologic function during enamel formation and suggested a neomorphic mutation mechanism causing ADHCAI. The function of FAM83H remains obscure. FAM83H has been shown to interact with various isoforms of casein kinase 1 (CK1) and keratins and to mediate organization of keratin cytoskeletons and desmosomes. By considering FAM83H a scaffold protein to anchor CK1s, further molecular characterization of the protein could gain insight into its functions. In this study, we characterized 9 kindreds with ADHCAI and identified 3 novel FAM83H truncation mutations: p.His437*, p.Gln459*, and p.Glu610*. Some affected individuals exhibited hypoplastic phenotypes, in addition to the characteristic hypocalcification enamel defects, which have never been well documented. Failed eruption of canines or second molars in affected persons was observed in 4 of the families. The p.Glu610* mutation was located in a gap area (amino acids 470 to 625) within the zone of previously reported pathogenic variants (amino acids 287 to 694). In vitro pull-down studies with overexpressed FAM83H proteins in HEK293 cells demonstrated an interaction between FAM83H and SEC16A, a protein component of the COP II complex at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. The interaction was mediated by the middle part (amino acids 287 to 657) of mouse FAM83H protein. Results of this study significantly extended the phenotypic and genotypic spectrums of FAM83H-associated ADHCAI and suggested a role for FAM83H in endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi vesicle trafficking and protein secretion (dbGaP phs001491.v1.p1).


Assuntos
Amelogênese Imperfeita , Amelogênese Imperfeita/genética , Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Complexo de Golgi , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Proteínas , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular
2.
Public Health Action ; 10(2): 53-56, 2020 Jun 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32639482

RESUMO

Among new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients aged ⩾15 years from marginalised populations in India, one in four had a history of a household member with TB and one in 10 had a TB-related death in the household. This contribution of household transmission to overall TB transmission provides evidence for a potential population-level benefit of TB preventive treatment for all household contacts (without active TB). Females with TB had a significantly higher household TB exposure than males. Targeted TB preventive treatment (if implemented in a phased manner) among female household contacts may be explored after considering other factors.


Parmi les nouveaux cas de tuberculose (TB) pulmonaire confirmés par bactériologie de patients (⩾15 ans) de populations marginalisées en Inde, un quart avait eu un membre du foyer atteint de TB et un sur 10, un décès dû à la TB au sein du foyer. La contribution de la transmission domiciliaire à l'ensemble de la transmission de la TB est en faveur d'un bénéfice potentiel pour la population, du traitement préventif de la TB pour tous les membres du foyer (sans TB active). Les patients TB de sexe féminin ont une exposition domiciliaire à la TB significativement plus élevée que les hommes. Un traitement préventif de la TB ciblé (s'il est mis en œuvre par phases) sur les contacts féminins du foyer pourrait être évalué après avoir tenu compte des autres facteurs.

5.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis ; 23(2): 241-251, 2019 02 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30808459

RESUMO

People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLHIV) are at high risk for tuberculosis (TB), and TB is a major cause of death in PLHIV. Preventing TB in PLHIV is therefore a key priority. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in asymptomatic PLHIV has a potent TB preventive effect, with even more benefits in those with advanced immunodeficiency. Applying the most recent World Health Organization recommendations that all PLHIV initiate ART regardless of clinical stage or CD4 cell count could provide a considerable TB preventive benefit at the population level in high HIV prevalence settings. Preventive therapy can treat tuberculous infection and prevent new infections during the course of treatment. It is now established that isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) combined with ART among PLHIV significantly reduces the risk of TB and mortality compared with ART alone, and therefore has huge potential benefits for millions of sufferers. However, despite the evidence, this intervention is not implemented in most low-income countries with high burdens of HIV-associated TB. HIV and TB programme commitment, integration of services, appropriate screening procedures for excluding active TB, reliable drug supplies, patient-centred support to ensure adherence and well-organised follow-up and monitoring that includes drug safety are needed for successful implementation of IPT, and these features would also be needed for future shorter preventive regimens. A holistic approach to TB prevention in PLHIV should also include other important preventive measures, such as the detection and treatment of active TB, particularly among contacts of PLHIV, and control measures for tuberculous infection in health facilities, the homes of index patients and congregate settings.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Antituberculosos/administração & dosagem , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Países em Desenvolvimento , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Isoniazida/administração & dosagem , Pobreza , Tuberculose/epidemiologia
7.
Public Health Action ; 8(4): 162-168, 2018 Dec 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30775275

RESUMO

Setting: Sikkim, India, has the highest proportion of tuberculosis (TB) patients on first-line anti-tuberculosis regimens with the outcome 'failure' or 'shifted to regimen for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)'. Objective: To assess the factors associated with non-response to treatment, i.e., 'failure' or 'shifted to MDR-TB regimen'. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme data of all TB patients registered in 2015 for first-line TB treatment. In addition, we interviewed 42 patients who had not responded to treatment to ascertain their current status. Results: Of 1508 patients enrolled for treatment, about 9% were classified as non-response to treatment. Patient factors associated with non-response were urban setting (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.39, 95%CI 1.22-4.67), ethnicity (being an Indian tribal, aOR 1.73, 95%CI 1.17-2.57, Indian [other] aOR 1.83, 95%CI 1.29-2.60 compared to patients of Nepali origin) and those on retreatment (aOR 2.40, 95%CI 1.99-2.91). Of the patients interviewed, 28 (67%) had received treatment for drug-resistant TB. Conclusion: In Sikkim, one in 11 patients had not responded to first-line anti-tuberculosis treatment. Host-pathogen genetics and socio-behavioural studies may be required to understand the reasons for the differences in non-response, particularly among ethnic groups.


Contexte : L'état de Sikkim, en Inde, a la proportion la plus élevée du pays de patients atteints de tuberculose (TB) sous protocole antituberculeux de première ligne avec pour résultats « échec ¼ ou « passé à un protocole de TB multirésistante (TB-MDR) ¼.Objectif : Evaluer les facteurs associés à une non réponse au traitement (« échec ¼ ou « passé à un protocole de TB-MDR¼).Méthode : Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective de cohorte grâce aux données du programme national révisé pour la lutte contre la tuberculose de tous les patients TB enregistrés en 2015 pour un traitement de TB de première ligne. Nous avons également interviewé 42 patients ayant une non réponse au traitement pour vérifier leur statut actuel.Résultats : Sur les 1508 patients enrôlés en traitement, environ 9% ont été classés comme non réponse au traitement. Les facteurs liés au patient associés à l'absence de réponse ont été un contexte urbain (odds ratio ajusté [ORa] 2,39 ; IC95% 1,22­4,67), l'ethnicité (appartenance à une tribu Indienne, ORa 1,73 ; IC95% 1,17­2,57, autres populations Indiennes, ORa 1,83 ; IC95% 1,29­2,60, par comparaison aux patients d'origine Népalaise) et aux patients en retraitement de TB (ORa 2,40 ; IC95% 1,99­2,91). Parmi les patients interrogés, 28 (67%) ont reçu un traitement pour TB pharmacorésistante.Conclusion : Au Sikkim, un patient sur 11 avait une non réponse au traitement antituberculeux de première ligne. Des études de génétique hôte-pathogène et des études sociocomportementales pourraient être requises afin de comprendre les raisons des différences dans la non réponse, surtout entre les groupes ethniques.


Marco de Referencia: El estado de Sikkim en la India presenta la proporción más alta de pacientes cuyo desenlace del tratamiento antituberculoso de primera línea se clasifica como 'fracaso' o 'cambiado a un esquema contra la tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR)'.Objetivo: Evaluar los factores que se asocian con la falta de respuesta al tratamiento ('fracaso' o 'cambiado a un esquema contra la TB-MDR').Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohortes, a partir de los datos del Programa Revisado Nacional contra la Tuberculosis, de todos los pacientes registrados en el 2015 en tratamiento antituberculoso de primera línea. Además, se entrevistaron 42 pacientes (que no respondieron al tratamiento), con el fin de verificar su situación actual.Resultados: De los 1508 pacientes inscritos para tratamiento, cerca del 9% se clasificaron sin respuesta al tratamiento. Los factores del paciente que se asociaron con la falta de respuesta fueron los siguientes: un entorno urbano (OR ajustado [ORa] 2,39; IC95% 1,22­4,67), la etnia (pertenencia a grupos tribales, ORa 1,73; IC95% 1,17­2,57 u otras poblaciones indias ORa 1,83; IC95% 1,29­2,60 cuando se compararon con los pacientes de origen nepalés) y el retratamiento antituberculoso (ORa 2,40; IC95% 1,99­2,91). De los pacientes entrevistados, 28 habían recibido tratamiento por TB farmacorresistente (67%).Conclusión: En Sikkim, uno de cada 11 pacientes no respondió al tratamiento de primera línea contra la TB. Se precisarían estudios genéticos de la interacción entre el hospedero y el patógeno y estudios sociales conductuales que permitan comprender las razones de las diferencias en la falta de respuesta, sobre todo entre los diferentes grupos étnicos.

8.
Public Health Action ; 7(1): 67-70, 2017 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28775946

RESUMO

Tuberculosis (TB) in prisons is a major problem. The prisons in Chhattisgarh, India, are overcrowded, and there are no formal efforts to engage them in TB control. In 2014, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease and the state TB programme advocated with state prison authorities to implement an enhanced case-finding strategy in the prisons. Sensitisation meetings (one/quarter/prison) to improve awareness among prisoners about TB symptoms and services were coupled with improved access to diagnosis. Patients with presumptive TB who were examined by sputum microscopy increased by 39% per 100 000 prisoners, and TB case notification rates increased by 38%, in 2014 relative to 2013.


La tuberculose (TB) en prison est un problème majeur. Les prisons de l'état de Chhattisgarh, Inde, sont surpeuplées et il n'y a jamais eu d'actions formelles d'engagement dans la lutte contre la TB. En 2014, l'Union Internationale Contre la Tuberculose et les Maladies Respiratoires et le programme d'état pour la TB ont plaidé auprès des autorités carcérales de l'état afin de mettre en œuvre une meilleure stratégie de recherche des cas dans les prisons. Des réunions de sensibilisation (une/trimestre/prison) visant à améliorer les connaissances des détenus en matière de symptômes de la TB et de services disponibles ont été couplées à un meilleur accès au diagnostic. La proportion de patients présumés tuberculeux ayant eu une microscopie de crachats par 100 000 détenus a augmenté de 39% et le taux de déclaration des cas de TB a augmenté de 38% en 2014 par rapport à 2013.


La tuberculosis (TB) en las prisiones constituye un grave problema. Los establecimientos penitenciarios de Chhattisgarh, en la India, sufren de hacinamiento y no cuentan con iniciativas formales que promuevan el control de la TB. En el 2014, la Unión Internacional Contra la Tuberculosis y las Enfermedades Respiratorias y el programa nacional contra la TB preconizaron con las autoridades penitenciarias la instauración de una estrategia de detección reforzada de casos en las prisiones. Se asociaron las reuniones de sensibilización (una reunión trimestral por centro) encaminadas a mejorar los conocimientos de los reclusos sobre los síntomas de la TB y los servicios de atención a su alcance con un mejor acceso al diagnóstico. En el 2014, el número de pacientes con presunción clínica de TB en quienes se practicó la baciloscopia del esputo por 100 000 reclusos aumentó un 39% y la tasa de notificación de casos de TB aumento un 38%, con respecto al 2013.

9.
Public Health Action ; 7(2): 123-126, 2017 Jun 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28695085

RESUMO

Background: A mobile health (mHealth) technology based application was developed to help rural health care providers (RHCPs) identify and refer presumptive tuberculosis (TB) patients to the nearest microscopy centre for sputum examination using mobile applications on their smart phones. Objective: To determine the feasibility and yield of presumptive TB case referrals by RHCPs using mHealth technology. Methods: The project was implemented in the tribal population of Khunti District, Jharkhand State, India, from April 2012 to February 2015. 'ComCare', a mobile application designed as an aid for health care providers, was introduced and RHCPs were trained in its use. Results: Of 171 RHCPs who were formally trained to identify and refer presumptive TB patients, 30 were trained in the use of the mobile application. There were 35 referrals of presumptive TB patients per RHCP using the mobile application, and four each by RHCPs who were not using the application. Of the 194 TB cases diagnosed, RHCPs using the application contributed 127 (i.e., 4 TB cases per RHCP), while other RHCPs contributed 67 (0.5 TB case per RHCP). Conclusion: mHealth technology was highly effective, and increased both public and private health care provider accountability to patients.


Contexte: Un modèle de soins de santé via une application mobile (mHealth) a été élaboré afin de donner davantage d'autonomie aux prestataires de soins ruraux (RHCP) pour identifier et référer les patients présumés atteints de tuberculose (TB) au centre de microscopie le plus proche pour un test basé sur une application mobile.Objectif: Déterminer la faisabilité et le rendement de la référence des cas de TB présumés par les RHCP en utilisant mHealth.Méthodes: Le projet a été mis en œuvre dans la population tribale du district de Khunti, dans l'état de Jharkhand, Inde, d'avril 2012 à février 2015. L'application mobile, appelée « ComCare ¼, qui permet d'intégrer les prestataires de soins de santé, a été introduite et les prestataires de soins ont été formés à son utilisation.Résultats: Ont bénéficié 171 RHCP d'une formation officielle afin d'identifier et de référer les patients présumés TB ; 30 d'entre eux ont été formés à l'utilisation de l'application mobile (mRHCP). Il y a eu 35 références pour TBP des cas présumés par les mRHCP (c'est-à-dire les utilisateurs de l'application mobile) et 4 références pour TBP par les RHCP parmi les oRHCP (ceux n'utilisant pas l'application mobile). Au total, 194 cas de TB ont été diagnostiqués : la contribution des mRHCP a été de 127 (soit 4 cas de TB par RHCP), tandis que les références des oRHCP ont été de 67 (soit 0,5 cas de TB par RHCP). Le nombre de patients TB diagnostiqués et mis sous traitement dans la journée suivant le diagnostic a été plus élevé parmi les patients référés par les mRHCP comparés aux oRHCP.Conclusion: L'utilisation de la mHealth pour les RHCP est très efficace et elle augmente la responsabilité des prestataires de soins de santé à la fois publics et privés vis-à-vis des patients.


Marco de referencia: Se elaboró un modelo de atención de salud utilizando una aplicación para teléfonos portátiles (mHealth), que faculta a los trabajadores de salud en medio rural (RHCP) a detectar a los pacientes con presunción clínica de tuberculosis (TB) y remitirlos al centro de microscopia más cercano, a fin de practicar las pruebas diagnósticas.Objetivo: Determinar la viabilidad y el rendimiento de la remisión de casos con presunción de TB por parte de los RHCP mediante la utilización de una aplicación mHealth.Métodos: El proyecto se ejecutó en la población tribal del distrito de Khunti, en el estado de Jharkhand de la India, de abril del 2012 a febrero del 2015. Se introdujo una aplicación para teléfonos portátiles denominada 'ComCare' que comporta una función de integración de los prestadores de atención de salud y se ofreció capacitación sobre su funcionamiento a estos usuarios.Resultados: Se impartió la capacitación formal sobre la detección y la remisión de los pacientes con presunción de TB a 171 RHCP y 30 de ellos se capacitaron en la utilización de la aplicación para teléfonos portátiles (mRHCP). Los profesionales que utilizaban la aplicación remitieron 35 pacientes por RHCP con presunción de TB y los demás profesionales que no la utilizaban (oRHCP) remitieron cuatro pacientes por RHCP. Se diagnosticaron 194 casos de TB, de los cuales 127 por conducto del programa de telefonía móvil (4 casos por mRHCP) y 67 fueron remitidos por los RHCP que no utilizaban la aplicación (0,5 casos por oRHCP).Conclusión: La utilización de aplicaciones sanitarias mHealth por parte de los RHCP es de gran eficiencia y fomenta la responsabilización de los trabajadores del sector público y el sector privado frente a los pacientes.

10.
Public Health Action ; 7(1): 74-77, 2017 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28744430

RESUMO

Conducting multicentre operational research is challenging due to issues related to the logistics of travel, training, supervision, monitoring and troubleshooting support. This is even more burdensome in resource-constrained settings and if the research includes patient interviews. In this article, we describe an innovative model that uses open access tools such as Dropbox, TeamViewer and CamScanner for efficient, quality-assured data collection in an ongoing multicentre operational research study involving record review and patient interviews. The tools used for data collection have been shared for adaptation and use by other researchers.


Conduire des recherches opérationnelles multicentriques est un défi, particulièrement dans les contextes de ressources limitées, en tenant compte des questions de logistique de déplacement, de formation, de supervision, de suivi et de soutien à la résolution des problèmes; encore plus si cette recherche implique des entretiens avec des patients. Dans cet article, nous décrivons un modèle innovant qui utilise des outils à accès ouvert comme Dropbox, TeamViewer et CamScanner pour un recueil de données efficace et de qualité assurée dans le cadre d'une recherche opérationnelle continue multicentrique impliquant des revues de dossiers et des entretiens avec des patients. Les outils utilisés pour le recueil de données ont été partagés pour l'adaptation et l'utilisation par d'autres chercheurs.


La realización de investigaciones operativas multicéntricas puede ser problemática, sobre todo en los entornos con restricción de los recursos, habida cuenta de las dificultades en la organización de los desplazamientos, la capacitación, la supervisión, el seguimiento y el apoyo a la resolución de problemas; más aun, cuando la investigación precisa entrevistas a los pacientes. En el presente artículo se describe un modelo innovador que utiliza herramientas de libre acceso como las plataformas Dropbox, TeamViewer y CamScanner, con el fin de lograr una obtención de datos eficiente y de calidad garantizada, en una investigación operativa multicéntrica en curso que comporta el examen de las historias clínicas y entrevistas a los pacientes. Se comunican las herramientas utilizadas en la recogida de datos, con la finalidad de que otros investigadores puedan adaptarlas y las apliquen.

11.
Public Health Action ; 7(4): 289-293, 2017 Dec 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29584796

RESUMO

Setting: Sputum smear microscopy, the primary diagnostic tool used for diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in India's Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP), has low sensitivity, resulting in a significant number of TB cases reported as sputum-negative. As the revised guidelines pose challenges in implementation, sputum-negative presumptive TB (SNPT) patients are subjected to 2 weeks of antibiotics, followed by chest X-ray (CXR), resulting in significant loss to care among these cases. Objective: To determine whether reducing delays in CXR would yield additional TB cases and reduce initial loss to follow-up for diagnosis among SNPT cases. Methods: In an ongoing intervention in five districts of Maharashtra, SNPT patients were offered upfront CXR. Results: Of 119 male and 116 female SNPT patients with a mean age of 45 years who were tested by CXR, 32 (14%) were reported with CXR suggestive of TB. Administering upfront CXR in SNPT patients yielded twice as many additional cases, doubling the proportion of cases detected among all those tested as against administering CXR 2 weeks after smear examination. Conclusion: Our interventional study showed that the yield of TB cases was significantly greater when upfront CXR examination was undertaken without waiting for a 2-week antibiotic trial.


Contexte : La microscopie de frottis de crachats, le premier outil utilisé dans le diagnostic de la TB dans le programme national TB révisé d'Inde (RNTCP), a une faible sensibilité, ce qui aboutit à un nombre significatif de cas de TB rapportés comme étant à frottis négatif. Comme la mise en œuvre des directives révisées reste un défi, les patients présumés TB à frottis négatif (SNPT) sont soumis à 2 semaines d'antibiotiques suivis par une radiographie pulmonaire (CXR), d'où un nombre significative de cas de SNPT perdus de vue.Objectif : Déterminer si la réduction du délai de CXR aboutit à détecter des cas de TB supplémentaires et réduit les pertes de vue initiales parmi les cas de SNPT.Méthodes : Dans le cadre d'une intervention en cours dans cinq districts de Maharashtra, on a offert aux cas de SNPT une CXR immédiate.Résultats : Un total de 119 hommes et 116 femmes, patients SNPT, d'âge moyen 45 ans, ont eu une CXR. Parmi ces 235 patients, 32 (14%) ont eu une CXR suggestive de TB. Le recours immédiat à une CXR chez les patients présumées TB à frottis négatif a produit deux fois plus de cas supplémentaires et doublé la proportion de cas détectés parmi les patients ayant bénéficié d'une CXR immédiate par rapport à ceux l'ayant eue 2 semaines après la microscopie de frottis.Conclusion : Notre étude d'intervention a montré que la détection de cas de TB était significativement plus importante en faisant une CXR immédiate sans attendre les 2 semaines de traitement d'essai par antibiotiques.


Marco de referencia: La baciloscopia del esputo es el principal instrumento utilizado en el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis (TB) en el marco del Programa Revisado de Control de la Tuberculosis de la India (RNTCP) y ofrece una baja sensibilidad, con lo cual un gran número de casos de TB se notifican con baciloscopia negativa. Dadas las dificultades de aplicación de una revisión reciente de las directrices, en los pacientes con presunción clínica de TB y un resultado negativo de la baciloscopia se administran antibióticos de amplio espectro durante 2 semanas seguidos de una radiografía de tórax (CXR), con la consiguiente pérdida de la atención de muchos de los pacientes con baciloscopia negativa.Objetivo: Determinar si el hecho de acortar la demora en la realización de la CXR mejora el rendimiento diagnóstico de casos de TB y disminuye las pérdidas iniciales durante el seguimiento de los casos con baciloscopia negativa.Método: En el marco de una intervención en curso en cinco distritos de Maharashtra, se propuso a los pacientes con presunción clínica de TB y baciloscopia negativa practicar de inmediato la CXR.Resultados: Se practicó la CXR en pacientes con presunción de TB pulmonar y baciloscopia negativa; participaron 119 pacientes de sexo masculino y 116 de sexo femenino, con una edad promedio de 45 años. De estas 235 personas, en 32 casos el informe de la CXR refería imágenes indicativas de TB (14%). La práctica inmediata de la CXR en los pacientes con presunción clínica de TB que reciben un resultado negativo de la baciloscopia aportó el doble de casos adicionales y duplicó así la proporción de casos detectados en todas las personas examinadas, en comparación con la CXR practicada 2 semanas después de la baciloscopia.Conclusión: El presente estudio de intervención reveló un aumento considerable del rendimiento diagnóstico de casos de TB cuando se practica la CXR de inmediato, en lugar de esperar el resultado de una antibioterapia de prueba de 2 semanas.

12.
Trop Med Int Health ; 21(8): 1019-1028, 2016 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27253634

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To estimate out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure due to hospitalisation from NCDs and its impact on households in India. METHODS: The study analysed nationwide representative data collected by the National Sample Survey Organisation in 2014 that reported health service utilisation and healthcare-related OOP expenditure by income quintiles and by type of health facility (public or private). The recall period for inpatient hospitalisation expenditure was 365 days. Consumption expenditure was collected for a recall period of 1 month. OOP expenditure amounting to >10% of annual consumption expenditure was termed as catastrophic. Weighted analysis was performed. RESULTS: The median expenditure per episode of hospitalisation due to NCDs was USD 149 - this was ~3 times higher among the richest quintile compared to poorest quintile. There was a significantly higher prevalence of catastrophic expenditure among the poorest quintile, more so for cancers (85%), psychiatric and neurological disorders (63%) and injuries (63%). Mean private-sector OOP hospitalisation expenditure was nearly five times higher than that in the public sector. Medicines accounted for 40% and 27% of public- and private-sector OOP hospitalisation expenditure, respectively. CONCLUSION: Strengthening of public health facilities is required at community level for the prevention, control and management of NCDs. Promotion of generic medicines, better availability of essential drugs and possible subsidisation for the poorest quintile will be measures to consider to reduce OOP expenditure in public-sector facilities.

13.
Public Health Action ; 6(1): 15-8, 2016 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27051605

RESUMO

In India, to increase tuberculosis (TB) case detection under the National Tuberculosis Programme, active case finding (ACF) was implemented by the Global Fund-supported Project Axshya, among high-risk groups in 300 districts. Between April 2013 and December 2014, 4.9 million households covering ~20 million people were visited. Of 350 047 presumptive pulmonary TB cases (cough of ⩾2 weeks) identified, 187 586 (54%) underwent sputum smear examination and 14 447 (8%) were found to be smear-positive. ACF resulted in the detection of a large number of persons with presumptive pulmonary TB and smear-positive TB. Ensuring sputum examination of all those with presumptive TB was a major challenge.


En Inde, le projet Axshya (soutenu par le Fonds Mondial) a mis en œuvre une recherche active des cas (ACF) afin d'en augmenter la détection sous l'égide du Programme Révisé National Contre la Tuberculose auprès des groupes à risque dans 300 districts. Entre avril 2013 et décembre 2014, 4,9 millions de foyers, soit environ 20 millions de personnes, ont été visités. De 350 047 cas présumés de tuberculose (TB) pulmonaire (toux ⩾2 semaines) identifiés, 187 586 (54%) ont bénéficié d'un examen de frottis de crachats et 14 447 (8%) ont eu un frottis positif. L'ACF a abouti à la détection d'un grand nombre de personnes présumées atteintes de TB pulmonaire et de TB à frottis positif. Assurer l'examen des crachats de tous les cas avec suspicion de TB a été un défi majeur.


Con el propósito de aumentar la detección de casos en la India, el Proyecto Axshya (financiado por el Fondo Mundial) introdujo un mecanismo de búsqueda activa de casos (ACF), dirigido a los grupos de alto riesgo en 300 distritos, en el marco del Programa Nacional Revisado Contra la Tuberculosis. De abril del 2013 a diciembre del 2014 se visitaron 4,9 millones de hogares, que cubrían una población cercana a 20 millones de personas. Se detectaron 350 047 casos con presunción de tuberculosis (TB) pulmonar (tos con una duración de ⩾2 semanas), se practicó la baciloscopia del esputo a 187 586 personas (54%), de las cuales 14 447 obtuvieron un resultado positivo (8%). La ACF dio lugar a la detección de un gran número de personas con presunción de TB pulmonar y baciloscopia positiva del esputo. La realización del examen microscópico del esputo en todas estas personas representó un gran desafío.

14.
Public Health Action ; 5(1): 6-16, 2015 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26400596

RESUMO

In 2009, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) jointly developed a new paradigm for operational research (OR) capacity building and started a new process of appointing and supporting OR fellows in the field. This case study describes 1) the appointment of two OR fellows in The Union South-East Asia Office (USEA), New Delhi, India; 2) how this led to the development of an OR unit in that organisation; 3) achievements over the 5-year period from June 2009 to June 2014; and 4) challenges and lessons learnt. In June 2009, the first OR fellow in India was appointed on a full-time basis and the second was appointed in February 2012-both had limited previous experience in OR. From 2009 to 2014, annual research output and capacity building initiatives rose exponentially, and included 1) facilitation at 61 OR training courses/modules; 2) publication of 96 papers, several of which had a lasting impact on national policy and practice; 3) providing technical assistance in promoting OR; 4) building the capacity of medical college professionals in data management; 5) support to programme staff for disseminating their research findings; 6) reviewing 28 scientific papers for national or international peer-reviewed journals; and 7) developing 45 scientific abstracts for presentation at national and international conferences. The reasons for this success are highlighted along with ongoing challenges. This experience from India provides good evidence for promoting similar models elsewhere.


En 2009, L'Union Internationale contre la Tuberculose et les Maladies respiratoires (L'Union) et Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) ont élaboré conjointement un nouveau paradigme de renforcement des capacités en recherche opérationnelle et démarré un nouveau processus de recrutement et de soutien de chercheurs en recherche opérationnelle sur le terrain. Cette étude de cas décrit 1) le recrutement de deux chercheurs en recherche opérationnelle dans le bureau de l'Union du Sud-est asiatique (USEA), à New Delhi, Inde ; 2) comment ceci a abouti à l'élaboration d'une unité de recherche opérationnelle dans cette organisation ; 3) les accomplissements sur une période de cinq ans de juin 2009 à juin 2014 ; et 4) les défis et les leçons apprises. En juin 2009, le premier chercheur en recherche opérationnelle (OR) en Inde a été recruté à temps plein et le deuxième a été recruté en février 2012­les deux chercheurs avaient une expérience préalable limitée en OR. De 2009 à 2014, les résultats annuels de la recherche et les initiatives de renforcement des capacités se sont accrues de façon exponentielle et ont inclus : 1) la facilitation de 61 cours/modules de formation à la OR ; 2) la publication de 96 articles, dont plusieurs ont eu un impact durable sur la politique et les pratiques nationales ; 3) la fourniture d'assistance technique à la promotion de l'OR ; 4) un renforcement des capacités des professionnels du collège médical dans la gestion des données ; 5) un soutien au personnel du programme dans la diffusion des résultats de leur recherche ; 6) une revue de 28 articles scientifiques pour les journaux nationaux or internationaux revus par leurs pairs ; et 7) l'élaboration de 45 résumés scientifiques destinés à être présentés lors de conférences nationales et internationales. Les raisons de ce succès sont mises en lumière en même temps que les défis persistants. Cette expérience émanant d'Inde offre des données suffisantes pour promouvoir des modèles similaires ailleurs.


En el 2009, la Unión Internacional contra la Tuberculosis y las Enfermedades Respiratorias (La Unión) y Médicos Sin Fronteras establecieron de manera conjunta un nuevo paradigma de fortalecimiento de la capacidad de practicar la investigación operativa (OR) y pusieron en marcha nuevos mecanismos de nombramiento de los becarios de OR y de respaldo a esta actividad en el terreno. En el presente estudio de casos se describen los siguientes aspectos: 1) el nombramiento de dos becarios de OR en la oficina de La Unión para la Región del Sudeste Asiático de Nueva Delhi en India; 2) la manera como este nombramiento condujo a la creación de una unidad de OR en esta organización; 3) los logros alcanzados durante un período de 5 años entre junio de 2009 y junio del 2014; y 4) las dificultades y las enseñanzas extraídas. En junio del 2009 se nombró el primer becario con dedicación exclusiva a la OR en la India y el segundo nombramiento tuvo lugar en febrero del 2012; ambos investigadores contaban con poca experiencia en esta esfera. Del 2009 al 2014, la producción científica anual y las iniciativas de fortalecimiento de la capacidad investigativa aumentaron de manera exponencial; se pusieron en marcha las siguientes actividades: 1) la facilitación en 61 cursos o módulos de capacitación en OR; 2) la publicación de 96 artículos científicos, algunos de los cuales tuvieron una repercusión duradera en las políticas y las prácticas a escala nacional; 3) la prestación de asistencia técnica encaminada a fomentar la OR; 4) el reforzamiento de la capacidad de gestión de los datos, dirigido a los profesionales de la facultad de medicina; 5) el respaldo a la difusión de los resultados de las investigaciones del personal del programa; 6) la evaluación de 28 artículos científicos para revistas con comité de lectura nacionales e internacionales; y 7) la elaboración de 45 resúmenes científicos que se presentaron en conferencias nacionales e internacionales. En el presente artículo se destacan las razones del éxito de esta iniciativa y las dificultades actuales del proyecto. Esta experiencia en la India aporta datos convincentes en favor de la promoción de modelos similares en otros entornos.

15.
Public Health Action ; 5(1): 70-3, 2015 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26400604

RESUMO

Data from surveys on knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) on tuberculosis (TB) conducted under the Axshya project at two time points (baseline 2010-2011 and mid-line 2012-2013) were analysed for changes in coverage and equity of TB awareness after project interventions. Overall coverage increased from 84% at baseline to 88% at midline (5% increase, P < 0.05). In comparison to baseline results, coverage at the midline survey had significantly increased, from 81% to 87% among the rural population, from 81% to 86% among women, from 73% to 85% in the ⩾55 years age group, from 71% to 80% among illiterates and from 73% to 81% in the south zone (P < 0.05). The equity gap among the different study groups (settlement, sex, age, education and zones) decreased from 6-23% at baseline to 3-11% during the midline survey. The maximum decline was observed for type of settlement (rural vs. urban), from 10% to 3% (P < 0.05). This community-driven TB control project has achieved high and equitable coverage of TB awareness, offering valuable lessons for the global community.


Des données émanant d'enquêtes « connaissances, attitudes, pratiques ¼ (KAP) en matière de tuberculose (TB) réalisées dans le cadre du projet « Axshya ¼ à deux périodes (de 2010 à 2011 au départ et de 2012 à 2013 à mi-parcours) ont été analysées à la recherche de modifications dans la couverture et l'équité en matière de connaissances de la TB à la suite des interventions du projet. La couverture d'ensemble a augmenté de 84% au départ à 88% à mi-parcours (augmentation de 5% ; P < 0,05). En comparaison au point de départ, la couverture de l'enquête à mi-parcours a augmenté significativement de 81% à 87% dans la population rurale, de 81% à 86% chez les femmes, de 73% à 85% dans la tranche d'âge ⩾55 ans, de 71% à 80% chez les personnes illettrées et de 73% à 81% dans la zone sud (P < 0,05). La différence en termes d'équité parmi les divers groupes d'étude (lieu, sexe, âge, instruction et zones) a diminué de 6% à 23% au départ jusqu'à 3% à 11% lors de l'enquête à mi-parcours. Le déclin maximal a été observé pour la localisation (rurale contre urbaine), de 10% à 3% (P < 0,05). Le projet à base communautaire de lutte contre la TB a abouti à une couverture élevée et équitable des connaissances en matière de TB, ce qui offre des leçons à portée universelle.


Se llevó a cabo un análisis de la evolución de la cobertura y la equidad en la sensibilización a la tuberculosis (TB) después de las intervenciones realizadas en el marco del Proyecto Axshya, a partir de los resultados de las encuestas del proyecto sobre los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas en materia de TB que se realizaron al comienzo entre el 2010 y el 2011 y a medio término de la intervención, del 2012 al 2013. La cobertura global aumentó de 84% al comienzo del proyecto a 88% a medio término (aumento de un 5% ; P < 0,05). En comparación con los datos iniciales, en la encuesta de mitad del período, la cobertura observada aumentó de manera considerable en la población rural de 81% a 87%, en las mujeres de 81% a 86%, en el grupo de ⩾55 años de 73% a 85%, en la población analfabeta de 71% a 80% y en la región del sur aumentó de 73% a 81% (P < 0,05). La amplitud de la brecha de equidad en los diferentes grupos del estudio (en función del asentamiento, el sexo, la edad, la educación y las zonas) disminuyó de 6% a 23% al comienzo hasta 3% a 11% en la encuesta de medio término. La máxima disminución se observó con respecto al asentamiento (rural contra urbano), de 10% a 3% (P < 0,05). Este proyecto de control de la TB dirigido por la comunidad ha logrado una alta cobertura y gran equidad en la sensibilización sobre la TB y ofrece enseñanzas valiosas a otros entornos similares en todo el mundo.

16.
Lett Appl Microbiol ; 61(3): 238-44, 2015 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26118969

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: Filamentous fungi are important model organisms to understand the eukaryotic process and have been frequently exploited in research and industry. These fungi are also causative agents of serious diseases in plants and humans. Disease management strategies include in vitro susceptibility testing of the fungal pathogens to environmental conditions and antifungal agents. Conventional methods used for antifungal susceptibilities are cumbersome, time-consuming and are not suitable for a large-scale analysis. Here, we report a rapid, high throughput microplate-based fluorescence method for investigating the toxicity of antifungal and stress (osmotic, salt and oxidative) agents on Magnaporthe oryzae and compared it with agar dilution method. This bioassay is optimized for the resazurin reduction to fluorescent resorufin by the fungal hyphae. Resazurin bioassay showed inhibitory rates and IC50 values comparable to the agar dilution method and to previously reported IC50 or MICs for M. oryzae and other fungi. The present method can screen range of test agents from different chemical classes with different modes of action for antifungal activities in a simple, sensitive, time and cost effective manner. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A simple fluorescence-based high throughput method is developed to test the effects of stress and antifungal agents on viability of filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. This resazurin fluorescence assay can detect inhibitory effects comparable to those obtained using the growth inhibition assay with added advantages of simplicity, time and cost effectiveness. This high throughput viability assay has a great potential in large-scale screening of the chemical libraries of antifungal agents, for evaluating the effects of environmental conditions and hyphal kinetic studies in mutant and natural populations of filamentous fungi.


Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Magnaporthe/efeitos dos fármacos , Bioensaio , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluorescência , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Humanos , Hifas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hifas/metabolismo , Cinética , Magnaporthe/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Magnaporthe/metabolismo , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Oxazinas/metabolismo , Oxazinas/farmacologia , Estresse Fisiológico , Xantenos/metabolismo , Xantenos/farmacologia
17.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis ; 19(6): 696-701, 2015 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25946362

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: With support from the Stop TB Partnership's TB REACH Wave 2 Grant, diagnostic microscopy services for tuberculosis (TB) were upgraded from conventional Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) based sputum microscopy to light emitting diode technology-based fluorescence microscopy (LED FM) in 200 high-workload microscopy centres in India as a pilot intervention. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of LED-FM over conventional ZN microscopy to inform further scale-up. METHODS: A decision-tree model was constructed to assess the cost utility of LED FM over ZN microscopy. The results were summarised using incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER); one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were also conducted to address uncertainty within the model. Data were analysed from 200 medical colleges in 2011 and 2012, before and after the introduction of LED microscopes. A full costing analysis was carried out from the perspective of a national TB programme. RESULTS: The ICER was calculated at US$14.64 per disability-adjusted life-year, with an 82% probability of being cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold equivalent to Indian gross domestic product per capita. CONCLUSIONS: LED FM is a cost-effective intervention for detecting TB cases in India at high-workload medical college settings.


Assuntos
Técnicas Bacteriológicas/economia , Países em Desenvolvimento/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Microscopia de Fluorescência/economia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Árvores de Decisões , Produto Interno Bruto , Humanos , Índia , Modelos Econômicos , Modelos Estatísticos , Projetos Piloto , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Estudos Retrospectivos , Escarro/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Incerteza
18.
J Laryngol Otol ; 129(5): 425-9, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25883066

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and profile of ear diseases in children from Delhi, India. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional door-to-door survey was carried out in two districts of Delhi, and involved children of all demographic sections of the region. A total of 4626 children aged between 18 days and 15 years underwent examinations including otoscopy, impedance audiometry and hearing screening. RESULTS: In all, 14.8 per cent of the study sample was diagnosed with one or more ear morbidities, the most common being cerumen impaction (7.5 per cent) and chronic suppurative otitis media (3.6 per cent). There was clinical evidence of otitis media with effusion in 2 per cent of children, and 0.96 per cent had otitis externa (bacterial and fungal). The point prevalence of acute suppurative otitis media was 0.39 per cent. In all, 0.45 per cent of children were found to have an undiagnosed foreign body within the ear canal. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of ear disease poses a significant public health problem in Delhi.


Assuntos
Otopatias/epidemiologia , Testes de Impedância Acústica , Adolescente , Cerume , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Meato Acústico Externo/patologia , Otopatias/diagnóstico , Feminino , Corpos Estranhos , Testes Auditivos , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Otoscopia , Prevalência
19.
Vaccine ; 32 Suppl 1: A117-23, 2014 Aug 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25091664

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus infections, prevalent in human populations worldwide are mostly caused by Group A viruses. Live attenuated rotavirus vaccines are highly effective in preventing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. However, the cost of these vaccines and local availability can be a barrier for widespread adoption in public health programs in developing countries where infants suffer a heavy burden of rotavirus related morbidity and mortality. A phase I/II study was carried out with the long term aim to produce a locally licensed vaccine which is equally safe and immunogenic as compared to available licensed vaccines. METHODS: This study was conducted in two cohorts. In the first cohort, 20 healthy adults were administered a single dose of the rotavirus vaccine (highest antigen concentration planned for infants) or placebo and were followed up for 10 days for safety. Following demonstration of safety in adult volunteers, 100 healthy infants were recruited (cohort 2) and randomly divided into five equal study groups. They were administered three doses of either the investigational rotavirus vaccine (BRV-TV) at one of the three antigen concentrations or Rotateq or Placebo at 6-8, 10-12 and 14-16 weeks of age. All infants were followed up for safety till 28 days after the third dose. Immune response to the vaccine, in terms of seroresponse and geometric mean concentrations, was compared across the five study groups. RESULTS: Increase in anti-rotavirus serum IgA antibodies from baseline, demonstrated higher immune response for all the three antigen concentrations of BRV-TV vaccine and RotaTeq in comparison with the placebo. Sero-response rates for placebo, BRV-TV dose-levels 10(5.0) FFU, 10(5.8) FFU, 10(6.4) FFU, and Rotateq at 28 days post third dose were 11.1%, 27.8%, 41.2%, 83.3%, and 63.2% respectively using the four-fold or more criteria. The BRV-TV vaccine arm corresponding to the highest antigen concentration of 10(6.4) FFU had a higher sero-response rate compared to the active comparator arm (RotaTeq), 28 days post each vaccine dose. The safety profile was comparable across the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results showed that all three doses of BRV-TV vaccine were safe, well tolerated and displayed good immunogenicity (dose-response) in healthy Indian infants.


Assuntos
Gastroenterite/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Rotavirus/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra Rotavirus/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Bovinos , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Gastroenterite/virologia , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Vírus Reordenados , Rotavirus , Método Simples-Cego , Vacinas Atenuadas/uso terapêutico , Eliminação de Partículas Virais
20.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol ; 113(4): 445-51, 2014 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25155082

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergic disease of the esophagus unresponsive to treatment with proton pump inhibitors. A combination of immediate, IgE-mediated and delayed, and non-IgE-mediated immune reactions to foods and aeroallergens is thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Optimal methods to assess for food allergen sensitization have been debated. Patients with EoE often have comorbid atopic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To characterize pediatric patients diagnosed with EoE at a single institution within the southeastern United States. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate 211 pediatric patients with EoE at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Aeroallergen and food sensitization profiles obtained by skin prick testing (SPT), atopy patch testing (APT), and history of associated atopic diseases were analyzed. RESULTS: Older patients with EoE showed greater aeroallergen sensitization; the most common allergens were pollens and dust mite. Younger patients showed greater sensitization to foods by SPT and APT. The most common foods identified by SPT were peanut, egg, and soy. The most common foods identified by APT were potato, pork, and wheat. Comorbid atopic disease was common. Patients with atopic dermatitis did not show significantly greater sensitization to foods by SPT or APT compared with patients without atopic dermatitis. CONCLUSION: In pediatric patients with EoE, sensitization to aeroallergens increases with age, whereas sensitization to foods decreases with age. Concomitant atopic disease is common. APT is useful to identify additional food allergens not detected by SPT. A history of atopic dermatitis does not appear to be associated with nonspecific positivity by SPT or APT.


Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica/epidemiologia , Esofagite Eosinofílica/epidemiologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/epidemiologia , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Esofagite Eosinofílica/diagnóstico , Esôfago/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Testes do Emplastro , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto Jovem
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